Scoliosis

Scoliosis is a condition where the spine curves sideways in an "S" or "C" shape. It can occur at any age but is most often diagnosed in adolescence.

Symptoms

• Uneven Shoulders: One shoulder may be higher than the other.
• Prominent Ribcage: One side of the ribcage may stick out more.
• Uneven Waist: One hip may be higher than the other.
• Back Pain: Common, especially in adults.
• Fatigue: Muscle fatigue from the uneven spine.

Causes

• Idiopathic: Most common type; cause is unknown.
• Congenital: Caused by a malformation of the spine present at birth.
• Neuromuscular: Resulting from neurological or muscular diseases like cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.
• Degenerative: Due to aging and degeneration of the spine.

Diagnosis

• Physical Exam: Visual inspection of the spine and measurement of the curve.
• Imaging Tests: X-rays to determine the degree of curvature. MRI or CT scans may be used for detailed images.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the severity of the curve and symptoms.

5Non-Surgical Treatments

• Observation: Regular check-ups to monitor curve progression.
• Bracing: Prevents further curvature in growing children.
• Physical Therapy: Exercises to improve posture, strength, and flexibility.
• Pain Management: Pain relievers, heat/ice therapy, and massage.

Surgical Treatments

• Spinal Fusion: Fusing vertebrae together to correct and stabilize the curve.
• Rods and Screws: Metal rods and screws to support the spine.

Kyphosis

Kyphosis is a forward rounding of the upper back, often referred to as a "hunchback" appearance. It can occur at any age but is common in older adults.

Symptoms

• Rounded Back: An exaggerated curve in the upper back.
• Back Pain: Especially in severe cases.
• Stiffness: Reduced flexibility in the spine.
• Fatigue: Muscle fatigue from supporting the curved spine.

Causes

• Postural Kyphosis: Poor posture over time.
• Scheuermann’s Disease: A developmental disorder where the vertebrae grow unevenly.
• Osteoporosis: Weakening of the bones leading to vertebral fractures.
• Degenerative Diseases: Conditions like arthritis.
• Congenital: Malformation of the spine at birth.

Diagnosis

• Physical Exam: Visual inspection and measurement of the curvature.
• Imaging Tests: X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to determine the extent of the curve and check for underlying issues.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the severity and cause of kyphosis.

Non-Surgical Treatments

• Physical Therapy: Exercises to strengthen the back muscles and improve posture.
• Bracing: Especially in children and adolescents to prevent progression.
• Pain Management: Pain relievers, heat/ice therapy, and massage.
• Posture Training: Education on maintaining proper posture.

Surgical Treatments

• Spinal Fusion: Fusing vertebrae to correct and stabilize the spine.
• Vertebroplasty/Kyphoplasty: Minimally invasive procedures to stabilize fractures.